Guys, this would never have happened without whole genome sequencing.

In this accessible talk from TEDxBoston, Richard Resnick shows how cheap and fast genome sequencing is about to turn health care upside down.

Around the turn of the century, the first sequencing of the human genome led to reverse vaccinology. This approach, whereby computational analysis of a pathogen s genome enables identification and screening of a great many more potential vaccine targets than was previously possible, was used in the successful development of a vaccine against meningitis B.

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I got interested in gene sequencing.

Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA.

More recently, government and industry got together to cut the costs of sequencing an individual genome from around 100 million in 2001 to just 1,000 today.

Craig Venter has just joined our board and we're doing a rapid genome sequencing prize with him, we'll be announcing later this fall, about imagine being able to sequence anybody's DNA for under 1,000 dollars, revolutionize medicine.

For example, efforts to sequence the genome of the gray mouse lemur will help researchers understand which genetic traits set primates apart from other mammals and will ultimately help understand what genomic traits set humans apart from other primates.

The Cancer Genome Atlas is coming out now.

Likewise, the dramatic reduction in the cost of gene sequencing, from roughly 40 million per human genome in 2003 to about 5,000 today, together with a rapid increase in computational power, is boosting the speed, accuracy, and robustness of medical diagnostic tests.

Alternatively, if the genome of the organism that originated the EST has been sequenced, one can align the EST sequence to that genome using a computer.

To ensure free access to information on the human genome sequence.

If you're telling me you're going to be the great developer of the map of the human genome, you'd better know what a human genome is.

We didn't sequence his genome.

On any given plantation, 20 percent of the trees produce 80 percent of the crop, so Mars is looking at the genome, they're sequencing the genome of the cocoa plant.

DNA sequencing on your iPhone? There's an app for that.

What does a genome look like?

And it looks really good.

This is part of that genome.

Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old growth forest I think is absolutely critical for human health.

Here, instead of through the lens of a genome, through the lens of digitized pieces of the historical record.

Except genomics is a lens on biology through the window of the sequence of bases in the human genome.

This should be a big science project equivalent to the Human Genome Project.

So, this little thingamajig has a genome that's 200 times the size of yours.

And so just to give you a picture of what this looks like, the Human Genome Project 3 gigabases, right.

Not only does it do that if you took the genome that synthetic genome and you plugged it into a different critter, like yeast, you now turn that yeast into Mycoplasma.

What I want to talk to you about is what we can learn from studying the genomes of living people and extinct humans.

But also, the genome is really the instruction manual.

Ladies and gentlemen, I present to you the human genome.

How many are there in the human genome? Three billion.

The genomic sequence now exists for the entire Pinot Noir organism, and they identified, once again, about 29,000 genes.

Now, you have the genome and you say to yourself, So, if I plug this synthetic genome if I pull the old one out and plug it in does it just boot up and live?

Indeed, more encompassing knowledge of personal genomics can engender a new sense of commonality.

When you get sick, it is a bug in your genome.

It's in there, waiting to be sequenced.

And so 15 years, actually, and about four billion dollars later, the genome was sequenced and published.

The prospect of using the genome as a universal diagnostic is upon us today.

And in both cases, we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses, and we could tell these viruses were not from these countries.

So, last year the French and Italians announced they got together and they went ahead and they sequenced Pinot Noir.

And the viral genome I'm showing you right here?

Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3 of the total DNA in cells.

At the very top you find the uniformly random sequence, which is a random jumble of letters and interestingly, we also find the DNA sequence from the human genome and instrumental music.

And this then, in conjunction with these methods that allow very many DNA molecules to be sequenced very rapidly, allowed us last year to present the first version of the Neanderthal genome, so that any one of you can now look on the Internet, on the Neanderthal genome, or at least on the 55 percent of it that we've been able to reconstruct so far.

There's no molecular test, there's no sequencing of genes that was referred to yesterday, there's no fancy looking at the chromosomes.